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29 June/juin 2017 COMMUNIQUE
PR/CP(2017)111
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord
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Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2010-2017)
NATO collects defence expenditure data from Allies on a regular basis and presents
aggregates and subsets of this information. Each Ally’s Ministry of Defence reports
current and estimated future defence expenditure according to an agreed definition of
defence expenditure. The amounts represent payments by a national government actually
made, or to be made, during the course of the fiscal year to meet the needs of its armed
forces, those of Allies or of the Alliance. NATO also makes use of up-to-date economic
and demographic information available from the Directorate-General for Economic and
Financial Affairs of the European Commission (DG-ECFIN), and the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
In view of differences between the definition of NATO defence expenditure and national
definitions, the figures shown in this report may diverge considerably from those which
are quoted by media, published by national authorities or given in national budgets.
Equipment expenditure includes expenditure on major equipment as well as on research
and development devoted to major equipment. Personnel expenditure includes pensions
paid to retirees.
The cut-off date for information used in this report was 26 June 2017. Figures for 2017
are estimates.
Det Udenrigspolitiske Nævn, Forsvarsudvalget, NATO''s Parlamentariske Forsamling 2016-17
UPN Alm.del Bilag 289, FOU Alm.del Bilag 98, NPA Alm.del Bilag 5
Offentligt
Cumulative spending increase for the period from 2015 to 2017, above 2014 level: +45.8 Bn USD
Notes: Figures for 2017 are estimates. The NATO Europe and Canada aggregate from 2017 includes Montenegro, which became an Ally on 5 June 2017.
* Defence expenditure does not include pensions.
-2-
Graph 1 : NATO Europe and Canada - defence expenditure
(annual real change, based on 2010 prices and exchange rates)
Graph 2 : Defence expenditure as a share of GDP versus equipment
expenditure as a share of defence expenditure
2017e
** In December 2016, Turkey fundamentally changed the calculation methodology of GDP (to bring it in line with the European System of Accounts (ESA) 2010), resulting in significant
increases from 2011. If one uses the previous methodology, then the corresponding percentage for 2017 is 1.86%.
-2.1
-2.4 -2.5
-1.6
-1.0
1.8
3.3
4.3
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
%
ALB
BEL
BGR*
CAN
HRV
CZE
DNK EST
FRA
DEU
GRC
HUN
ITA
LVA
LTU
LUX
MNE
NLD
NOR
POL
PRT
ROU
SVK
SVN
ESP
TUR**
GBR
USA
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Equipment
expenditure
as
%
of
defence
expenditure
Defence expenditure as % of GDP
%
%
NATO guideline 2%
NATO guideline 20%
Median 19.37%
Median 1.31%
Notes: Figures for 2017 are estimates.
* Defence expenditure does not include pensions.
-3-
Graph 3 : Defence expenditure as a share of GDP (%)
(based on 2010 prices and exchange rates)
Graph 4 : Equipment expenditure as a share of defence expenditure (%)
(based on 2010 prices and exchange rates)
** In December 2016, Turkey fundamentally changed the calculation methodology of GDP (to bring it in line with the European System of Accounts (ESA) 2010), resulting in significant
increases from 2011. If one uses the previous methodology, then the corresponding percentages for 2014 and 2017 are 1.70% and 1.86%, respectively.
3.58
2.32
2.14 2.14
2.02 2.01
1.79 1.77 1.70 1.66 1.59 1.57
1.52
1.32 1.31 1.27 1.22 1.22 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.13 1.07 1.05 1.02 0.92 0.91
0.44
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
2014 2017e
%
NATO guideline 2%
46.49
32.99
31.09 30.40
29.54 28.55
25.65
24.17
22.50 22.03
20.94 20.29 20.16 19.42 19.31 19.27 19.25
17.33 16.80
15.44
14.08
13.29 12.90
10.31 9.07
8.20
6.09 5.30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2014 2017e
%
NATO guideline 20%
Notes: Includes enlargements which took place in: 1999 (3 Allies), 2004 (7 Allies), 2009 (2 Allies) and 2017 (1 Ally). Figures for 2017 are estimates.
-4-
Graph 5 : Defence expenditure as a share of GDP (%)
(based on 2010 prices and exchange rates)
Graph 6 : NATO Europe and Canada - defence expenditure
(billion US dollars, based on 2010 prices and exchange rates)
2.01
1.46
5.29
3.58
3.29
2.43
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017e
%
United States
NATO Total
NATO Europe and Canada
NATO guideline 2%
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017e
+ CZE, HUN, POL
+ BGR, EST, LVA,
LTU, ROU, SVK, SVN
+ ALB, HRV + MNE
NATO Europe and Canada
Notes: Figures for 2017 are estimates. The NATO Europe and Canada aggregate from 2017 includes Montenegro, which became an Ally on 5 June 2017.
-5-
Graph 7 : Defence expenditure
(billion US dollars, based on 2010 prices and exchange rates)
Graph 8 : Defence expenditure as a share of GDP (%)
(based on 2010 prices and exchange rates)
720 726 686 645 611 594 608 616
293 286
279
275
272 277 286 299
1,014 1,012
965
920
883 871 895 915
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
United States NATO Europe and Canada
4.81 4.77
4.42
4.08
3.78
3.58 3.61 3.58
1.59 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.43 1.46
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
United States NATO Europe and Canada
Table 1 : Defence expenditure
National currency units, million
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
Current prices
Albania (Leks) 19,321 19,877 19,820 19,022 18,788 16,671 16,250 19,352
Belgium (Euros) 3,960 3,956 4,023 3,964 3,913 3,789 3,901 3,965
Bulgaria* (Leva) 1,230 1,066 1,099 1,196 1,102 1,116 1,186 1,508
Canada (Canadian dollars) 19,255 21,808 19,978 18,764 20,076 23,919 24,085 27,607
Croatia (Kunas) 5,057 5,323 5,059 4,848 4,625 4,586 4,241 4,553
Czech Republic (Koruny) 50,808 43,131 42,780 42,035 41,003 47,264 45,598 52,465
Denmark (Kroner) 25,328 24,259 25,618 23,682 22,769 22,633 24,190 25,165
Estonia (Euros) 251 280 340 361 386 418 450 478
France (Euros) 39,241 38,443 39,105 39,402 39,149 39,199 39,950 40,852
Germany (Euros) 34,925 34,630 36,168 34,593 34,749 35,898 37,598 39,509
Greece (Euros) 5,966 4,934 4,384 3,999 3,939 4,073 4,190 4,213
Hungary (Forint) 280,895 295,967 297,650 286,341 281,402 316,338 362,798 389,483
Italy (Euros) 21,637 21,741 20,600 20,078 18,427 17,642 20,226 20,787
Latvia (Euros) 189 206 193 212 221 254 360 448
Lithuania (Euros) 246 248 252 267 322 425 575 724
Luxembourg (Euros) 187 167 167 176 190 225 213 256
Montenegro (Euros) 56 57 53 49 52 51 56 66
Netherlands (Euros) 8,472 8,156 8,067 7,702 7,788 7,816 8,234 8,686
Norway (Kroner) 39,279 40,534 41,560 43,518 46,234 46,900 50,937 54,306
Poland (Zlotys) 25,608 26,979 28,365 28,467 31,874 39,940 37,082 39,193
Portugal (Euros) 2,673 2,627 2,366 2,457 2,263 2,384 2,364 2,512
Romania (New Lei) 6,630 7,255 7,282 8,160 9,014 10,337 10,738 16,322
Slovak Republic (Euros) 859 766 794 729 752 889 907 1,004
Slovenia (Euros) 583 479 423 382 366 361 406 426
Spain (Euros) 11,132 10,059 10,828 9,495 9,508 10,000 9,014 10,739
Turkey (Liras) 21,241 22,807 24,956 27,466 29,727 32,522 38,141 44,240
United Kingdom (Pounds) 39,053 39,204 36,563 39,824 39,902 38,940 42,189 43,002
United States (US dollars) 720,423 740,744 712,947 680,856 653,942 641,253 664,058 683,414
Constant 2010 prices
Albania (Leks) 19,321 19,427 19,172 18,347 17,865 15,806 15,446 17,874
Belgium (Euros) 3,960 3,878 3,864 3,764 3,691 3,543 3,592 3,575
Bulgaria* (Leva) 1,230 1,006 1,021 1,119 1,026 1,017 1,069 1,346
Canada (Canadian dollars) 19,255 21,123 19,117 17,676 18,559 22,286 22,306 25,041
Croatia (Kunas) 5,057 5,235 4,898 4,657 4,440 4,399 4,073 4,313
Czech Republic (Koruny) 50,808 43,122 42,156 40,837 38,870 44,361 42,344 48,035
Denmark (Kroner) 25,328 23,604 24,340 22,314 21,339 21,115 22,522 23,140
Estonia (Euros) 251 266 313 320 337 360 381 390
France (Euros) 39,241 38,084 38,297 38,290 37,825 37,465 38,036 38,558
Germany (Euros) 34,925 34,263 35,242 33,058 32,609 33,037 34,109 35,515
Greece (Euros) 5,966 4,894 4,365 4,078 4,092 4,276 4,395 4,319
Hungary (Forint) 280,895 289,566 281,604 263,171 250,222 276,498 314,010 331,325
Italy (Euros) 21,637 20,949 19,521 18,526 16,709 15,735 17,610 17,906
Latvia (Euros) 189 194 175 189 195 222 313 383
Lithuania (Euros) 246 235 233 244 291 383 512 627
Luxembourg (Euros) 187 159 155 161 172 202 192 227
Montenegro (Euros) 56 57 52 48 50 48 52 60
Netherlands (Euros) 8,472 8,057 7,827 7,359 7,374 7,393 7,721 8,011
Norway (Kroner) 39,279 39,465 39,622 40,244 41,985 41,299 44,006 45,790
Poland (Zlotys) 25,608 26,135 26,847 26,865 29,933 37,226 34,494 35,938
Portugal (Euros) 2,673 2,634 2,382 2,418 2,211 2,282 2,227 2,340
Romania (New Lei) 6,630 6,927 6,641 7,196 7,818 8,755 8,902 13,329
Slovak Republic (Euros) 859 754 771 705 728 863 884 969
Slovenia (Euros) 583 474 417 373 355 347 388 402
Spain (Euros) 11,132 10,056 10,817 9,452 9,490 9,931 8,925 10,483
Turkey (Liras) 21,241 21,012 21,395 22,246 22,371 22,662 24,720 26,368
United Kingdom (Pounds) 39,053 38,431 35,299 37,729 37,191 36,096 38,440 38,334
United States (US dollars) 720,423 725,768 686,226 644,803 611,159 593,577 608,377 616,029
* Data do not include pensions.
-6-
Table 2 : Defence expenditure
Million US dollars
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
Current prices and exchange rates
NATO Europe 274,592 281,683 263,654 269,441 270,202 235,121 237,883 | 242,234
Albania 186 197 183 180 178 132 131 152
Belgium 5,245 5,500 5,169 5,264 5,192 4,202 4,315 4,303
Bulgaria * 832 758 722 811 747 633 671 821
Croatia 920 996 865 850 805 669 623 651
Czech Republic 2,660 2,437 2,185 2,148 1,975 1,921 1,866 2,119
Denmark 4,504 4,518 4,423 4,216 4,056 3,364 3,593 3,667
Estonia 332 389 437 480 513 463 497 519
France 51,971 53,441 50,245 52,316 51,940 43,474 44,191 44,333
Germany 46,255 48,140 46,470 45,932 46,102 39,813 41,590 42,875
Greece 7,902 6,858 5,633 5,310 5,226 4,517 4,635 4,572
Hungary 1,351 1,472 1,322 1,280 1,210 1,132 1,289 1,355
Italy 28,656 30,223 26,468 26,658 24,448 19,566 22,373 22,558
Latvia 251 286 248 281 293 281 398 487
Lithuania 326 344 324 355 427 471 636 785
Luxembourg 248 232 214 234 253 249 236 278
Montenegro 74 80 68 65 69 57 62 72
Netherlands 11,220 11,339 10,365 10,226 10,332 8,668 9,108 9,426
Norway 6,499 7,232 7,143 7,407 7,336 5,816 6,064 6,309
Poland 8,493 9,106 8,710 9,007 10,104 10,596 9,405 9,997
Portugal 3,540 3,652 3,040 3,262 3,003 2,644 2,615 2,726
Romania 2,086 2,380 2,100 2,452 2,692 2,581 2,633 3,844
Slovak Republic 1,138 1,065 1,020 968 997 986 1,003 1,090
Slovenia 772 666 543 507 486 401 449 462
Spain 14,743 13,984 13,912 12,607 12,614 11,090 9,971 11,655
Turkey 14,134 13,616 13,895 14,427 13,583 11,957 12,629 12,315
United Kingdom 60,329 62,852 58,016 62,263 65,690 59,492 56,964 54,863
North America 739,113 762,784 732,941 699,077 672,092 659,953 682,230 703,729
Canada 18,690 22,040 19,994 18,221 18,150 18,700 18,172 20,315
United States 720,423 740,744 712,947 680,856 653,942 641,253 664,058 683,414
NATO Total 1,013,705 1,044,467 996,595 968,518 942,294 895,074 920,114 | 945,962
Constant 2010 prices and exchange rates
NATO Europe 274,592 265,810 260,703 257,595 254,115 255,507 264,680 | 274,458
Albania 186 187 184 177 172 152 149 172
Belgium 5,245 5,137 5,118 4,985 4,889 4,693 4,757 4,735
Bulgaria * 832 681 691 757 695 689 723 911
Croatia 920 952 891 847 808 800 741 785
Czech Republic 2,660 2,258 2,207 2,138 2,035 2,323 2,217 2,515
Denmark 4,504 4,197 4,328 3,968 3,794 3,754 4,005 4,115
Estonia 332 352 415 424 446 477 505 516
France 51,971 50,439 50,721 50,711 50,096 49,619 50,376 51,067
Germany 46,255 45,378 46,675 43,783 43,188 43,755 45,175 47,036
Greece 7,902 6,482 5,782 5,401 5,420 5,664 5,821 5,720
Hungary 1,351 1,393 1,354 1,266 1,203 1,330 1,510 1,593
Italy 28,656 27,746 25,853 24,536 22,130 20,840 23,323 23,715
Latvia 251 256 232 251 258 295 415 507
Lithuania 326 312 309 323 385 507 678 830
Luxembourg 248 211 206 214 227 267 255 301
Montenegro 74 75 69 63 66 64 69 80
Netherlands 11,220 10,670 10,367 9,747 9,766 9,791 10,225 10,610
Norway 6,499 6,530 6,556 6,659 6,947 6,833 7,281 7,576
Poland 8,493 8,667 8,904 8,910 9,927 12,346 11,440 11,919
Portugal 3,540 3,489 3,155 3,203 2,929 3,022 2,949 3,099
Romania 2,086 2,180 2,090 2,264 2,460 2,755 2,801 4,194
Slovak Republic 1,138 999 1,022 934 964 1,143 1,170 1,283
Slovenia 772 627 552 494 471 460 514 533
Spain 14,743 13,319 14,327 12,519 12,569 13,153 11,820 13,884
Turkey 14,134 13,982 14,237 14,803 14,886 15,080 16,449 17,546
United Kingdom 60,329 59,368 54,530 58,283 57,451 55,760 59,381 59,218
North America 739,113 746,272 704,783 661,961 629,175 615,210 630,029 640,336
Canada 18,690 20,504 18,557 17,158 18,015 21,633 21,652 24,307
United States 720,423 725,768 686,226 644,803 611,159 593,577 608,377 616,029
NATO Total 1,013,705 1,012,082 965,485 919,556 883,290 870,717 894,709 | 914,795
Notes: Figures for 2017 are estimates. The NATO Europe and NATO Total aggregates from 2017 include Montenegro, which became an Ally on 5 June 2017.
* Defence expenditure does not include pensions.
-7-
Table 3 : Defence expenditure as a share of GDP and annual real change
Based on 2010 prices
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
Share of real GDP (%)
NATO Europe 1.63 1.55 1.52 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.45 | 1.47
Albania 1.56 1.53 1.49 1.41 1.35 1.16 1.10 1.22
Belgium 1.08 1.04 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.92 0.93 0.91
Bulgaria * 1.64 1.32 1.34 1.46 1.32 1.26 1.28 1.57
Croatia 1.54 1.60 1.53 1.47 1.41 1.37 1.24 1.27
Czech Republic 1.29 1.07 1.05 1.03 0.95 1.04 0.97 1.07
Denmark 1.40 1.29 1.32 1.20 1.13 1.10 1.16 1.17
Estonia 1.70 1.68 1.90 1.91 1.96 2.06 2.15 2.14
France 1.96 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.79 1.79
Germany 1.35 1.28 1.31 1.22 1.19 1.18 1.20 1.22
Greece 2.64 2.38 2.29 2.21 2.21 2.32 2.38 2.32
Hungary 1.04 1.05 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.93 1.04 1.05
Italy 1.35 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.08 1.01 1.12 1.13
Latvia 1.06 1.01 0.88 0.93 0.94 1.04 1.44 1.70
Lithuania 0.88 0.79 0.76 0.76 0.88 1.14 1.49 1.77
Luxembourg 0.47 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.43 0.39 0.44
Montenegro 1.80 1.75 1.66 1.47 1.50 1.42 1.49 1.66
Netherlands 1.34 1.25 1.23 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.15 1.17
Norway 1.52 1.51 1.47 1.48 1.52 1.47 1.55 1.59
Poland 1.77 1.72 1.74 1.72 1.85 2.22 2.00 2.01
Portugal 1.49 1.49 1.41 1.44 1.31 1.33 1.28 1.32
Romania 1.24 1.28 1.22 1.28 1.35 1.45 1.41 2.02
Slovak Republic 1.27 1.09 1.09 0.98 0.99 1.13 1.12 1.19
Slovenia 1.61 1.30 1.17 1.06 0.98 0.94 1.02 1.02
Spain 1.03 0.94 1.04 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.81 0.92
Turkey ** 1.83 1.64 1.59 1.52 1.45 1.39 1.47 1.52
United Kingdom 2.48 2.41 2.18 2.29 2.19 2.08 2.18 2.14
North America 4.46 4.42 4.09 3.77 3.50 3.34 3.37 3.36
Canada 1.16 1.23 1.10 0.99 1.01 1.20 1.19 1.31
United States 4.81 4.77 4.42 4.08 3.78 3.58 3.61 3.58
NATO Total 3.04 2.97 2.81 2.64 2.49 2.40 2.42 | 2.43
Annual real change (%)
NATO Europe -1.15 -3.20 -1.92 -1.19 -1.35 0.55 3.59 | 3.69
Albania 6.54 0.55 -1.32 -4.30 -2.62 -11.53 -2.28 15.72
Belgium -3.70 -2.07 -0.37 -2.59 -1.94 -4.01 1.37 -0.46
Bulgaria * -4.47 -18.22 1.54 9.53 -8.28 -0.84 5.05 25.94
Croatia -6.38 3.53 -6.44 -4.93 -4.65 -0.93 -7.41 5.91
Czech Republic -13.58 -15.13 -2.24 -3.13 -4.82 14.13 -4.55 13.44
Denmark 6.53 -6.81 3.12 -8.32 -4.37 -1.05 6.67 2.74
Estonia -3.09 6.11 17.69 2.37 5.13 6.96 5.85 2.19
France -0.94 -2.95 0.56 -0.02 -1.21 -0.95 1.53 1.37
Germany 1.44 -1.90 2.86 -6.20 -1.36 1.31 3.25 4.12
Greece -18.94 -17.97 -10.81 -6.59 0.35 4.51 2.77 -1.74
Hungary -8.06 3.09 -2.75 -6.55 -4.92 10.50 13.57 5.51
Italy -3.73 -3.18 -6.82 -5.09 -9.81 -5.83 11.91 1.68
Latvia -15.80 2.27 -9.56 8.15 2.76 14.33 40.78 22.26
Lithuania -16.85 -4.31 -0.89 4.60 19.18 31.73 33.65 22.39
Luxembourg 24.44 -15.12 -2.30 3.91 6.44 17.31 -4.57 18.00
Montenegro 4.62 0.63 -8.11 -8.44 4.49 -2.71 7.95 15.03
Netherlands -4.22 -4.90 -2.84 -5.98 0.19 0.26 4.43 3.76
Norway -1.08 0.47 0.40 1.57 4.32 -1.63 6.55 4.05
Poland 8.00 2.06 2.73 0.07 11.42 24.37 -7.34 4.19
Portugal -1.35 -1.45 -9.56 1.51 -8.56 3.18 -2.40 5.08
Romania -7.31 4.48 -4.13 8.36 8.63 11.99 1.68 49.73
Slovak Republic -12.02 -12.23 2.31 -8.63 3.23 18.61 2.38 9.64
Slovenia 2.38 -18.77 -11.91 -10.54 -4.75 -2.34 11.72 3.74
Spain -8.87 -9.66 7.57 -12.62 0.40 4.65 -10.13 17.46
Turkey 1.53 -1.08 1.82 3.98 0.56 1.30 9.08 6.67
United Kingdom 2.95 -1.59 -8.15 6.88 -1.43 -2.94 6.49 -0.28
North America -6.89 0.97 -5.56 -6.08 -4.95 -2.22 2.41 1.64
Canada -14.25 9.71 -9.50 -7.54 5.00 20.08 0.09 12.26
United States -6.68 0.74 -5.45 -6.04 -5.22 -2.88 2.49 1.26
NATO Total -5.40 -0.16 -4.60 -4.76 -3.94 -1.42 2.76 | 2.25
Notes: Figures for 2017 are estimates. The NATO Europe and NATO Total aggregates from 2017 include Montenegro, which became an Ally on 5 June 2017.
* Defence expenditure does not include pensions.
-8-
** In December 2016, Turkey fundamentally changed the calculation methodology of GDP (to bring it in line with the European System of Accounts (ESA) 2010), resulting in significant
increases from 2011. If one uses the previous methodology, then the corresponding percentages from 2010 to 2017 are 1.93%, 1.76%, 1.76%, 1.75%, 1.70%, 1.67%, 1.78% and 1.86%,
respectively.
Table 4 : GDP
2010 prices and exchange rates
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
Real GDP (billion US dollars)
NATO Europe 16,821 17,161 17,137 17,254 17,566 17,930 18,261 | 18,623
Albania 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14
Belgium 484 492 493 493 501 508 514 523
Bulgaria 51 52 52 52 53 55 57 58
Croatia 60 59 58 58 57 58 60 62
Czech Republic 207 211 209 208 214 224 229 236
Denmark 322 326 327 330 336 341 345 351
Estonia 19 21 22 22 23 23 24 24
France 2,647 2,702 2,707 2,722 2,748 2,778 2,811 2,846
Germany 3,417 3,542 3,560 3,577 3,634 3,697 3,766 3,840
Greece 299 272 252 244 245 244 244 247
Hungary 130 133 130 133 139 143 146 151
Iceland 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 17
Italy 2,125 2,137 2,077 2,041 2,043 2,059 2,078 2,097
Latvia 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 30
Lithuania 37 39 41 42 44 45 46 47
Luxembourg 53 55 54 57 60 62 65 68
Montenegro 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.8
Netherlands 836 850 841 840 852 868 887 908
Norway 429 433 445 449 458 465 470 476
Poland 479 503 511 519 536 556 571 592
Portugal 238 234 225 222 224 228 231 236
Romania 168 170 171 177 182 190 199 207
Slovak Republic 90 92 94 95 97 101 104 108
Slovenia 48 48 47 47 48 49 50 52
Spain 1,432 1,417 1,376 1,352 1,371 1,415 1,461 1,501
Turkey 772 855 895 975 1,024 1,084 1,117 1,156
United Kingdom 2,429 2,466 2,498 2,546 2,624 2,682 2,730 2,773
North America 16,578 16,868 17,235 17,538 17,957 18,394 18,688 19,084
Canada 1,613 1,664 1,693 1,735 1,780 1,796 1,822 1,857
United States 14,964 15,204 15,542 15,803 16,177 16,598 16,866 17,227
NATO Total 33,399 34,029 34,373 34,792 35,523 36,324 36,949 | 37,707
GDP per capita (thousand US dollars)
NATO Europe 30.3 30.8 30.6 30.7 31.2 31.7 32.1 | 32.6
Albania 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.9
Belgium 44.4 44.8 44.6 44.4 44.9 45.3 45.5 45.8
Bulgaria 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2
Croatia 13.9 13.9 13.6 13.5 13.5 13.8 14.3 14.8
Czech Republic 19.7 20.1 19.9 19.8 20.3 21.2 21.7 22.3
Denmark 58.0 58.6 58.5 58.8 59.5 60.0 60.5 61.2
Estonia 14.6 15.8 16.5 16.8 17.3 17.6 17.9 18.3
France 40.7 41.4 41.3 41.3 41.5 41.8 42.1 42.4
Germany 42.6 44.1 44.3 44.4 44.9 45.3 45.5 46.4
Greece 26.9 24.5 22.8 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.9
Hungary 13.0 13.3 13.1 13.5 14.0 14.5 14.8 15.4
Iceland 41.7 42.4 42.7 44.0 44.3 45.7 48.6 50.8
Italy 35.5 35.6 34.4 33.7 33.6 33.9 34.1 34.3
Latvia 11.3 12.3 12.9 13.4 13.8 14.3 14.7 15.3
Lithuania 12.0 13.0 13.7 14.3 14.9 15.3 15.9 16.6
Luxembourg 105.0 105.3 102.4 104.1 107.4 109.1 111.0 113.3
Montenegro 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.5 7.7
Netherlands 50.3 50.9 50.2 50.0 50.5 51.3 52.2 53.3
Norway 87.7 87.4 88.6 88.4 89.1 89.6 89.3 89.2
Poland 12.4 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.9 14.5 14.9 15.4
Portugal 22.5 22.2 21.4 21.2 21.5 22.0 22.4 23.0
Romania 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.1 10.6
Slovak Republic 16.5 17.0 17.3 17.5 18.0 18.6 19.3 19.9
Slovenia 23.4 23.5 22.9 22.6 23.3 23.8 24.4 25.2
Spain 30.7 30.3 29.4 29.0 29.5 30.5 31.4 32.4
Turkey 10.6 11.6 12.0 12.9 13.4 14.0 14.3 14.6
United Kingdom 38.7 39.0 39.2 39.7 40.6 41.2 41.6 42.0
North America 48.2 48.7 49.4 49.8 50.6 51.4 51.9 52.6
Canada 47.4 48.5 48.7 49.4 50.1 50.1 50.3 50.8
United States 48.3 48.7 49.4 49.9 50.7 51.6 52.0 52.8
NATO Total 37.1 37.6 37.8 38.1 38.7 39.3 39.8 | 40.4
Notes: Figures for 2017 are estimates. The NATO Europe and NATO Total aggregates from 2017 include Montenegro, which became an Ally on 5 June 2017.
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Table 5 : Defence expenditure per capita and military personnel
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
Defence expenditure per capita (2010 US dollars)
NATO Europe 494 477 466 459 451 452 465 | 481
Albania 64 64 64 61 59 53 51 60
Belgium 482 468 463 449 438 419 421 415
Bulgaria * 113 93 95 104 96 96 101 128
Croatia 214 222 209 199 190 190 177 189
Czech Republic 253 215 210 203 193 220 210 238
Denmark 812 753 774 707 672 661 702 718
Estonia 249 265 313 321 339 363 384 392
France 800 772 773 769 756 746 754 761
Germany 576 565 580 543 533 536 546 569
Greece 711 584 523 493 498 522 538 530
Hungary 135 140 137 128 122 135 154 163
Italy 479 462 428 405 364 343 383 388
Latvia 120 125 114 125 129 149 212 261
Lithuania 105 103 103 109 131 175 236 294
Luxembourg 489 406 387 393 409 469 437 503
Montenegro 120 121 111 102 106 103 111 128
Netherlands 675 639 619 580 579 578 602 623
Norway 1,329 1,318 1,306 1,311 1,352 1,316 1,384 1,421
Poland 220 225 231 231 258 321 298 310
Portugal 335 330 300 306 282 292 286 302
Romania 103 108 104 113 124 139 142 214
Slovak Republic 210 185 189 172 178 211 216 237
Slovenia 377 306 269 240 228 223 249 258
Spain 317 285 306 269 271 283 254 299
Turkey 194 189 190 195 194 195 210 222
United Kingdom 961 938 856 909 889 856 906 897
North America 2,150 2,154 2,018 1,881 1,773 1,721 1,749 1,764
Canada 550 597 534 488 507 603 598 665
United States 2,325 2,325 2,182 2,035 1,914 1,845 1,877 1,887
NATO Total 1,127 1,119 1,062 1,007 962 943 963 | 980
Military personnel (thousands)
NATO Europe 2,084 2,004 1,956 1,862 1,825 1,774 1,753 | 1,792
Albania 11 10 7.9 6.8 6.7 6.2 5.8 6.8
Belgium 34 32 31 31 31 30 29 28
Bulgaria 30 29 26 28 27 25 25 25
Croatia 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 15
Czech Republic 24 22 22 20 20 21 23 23
Denmark 19 19 19 18 17 16 17 17
Estonia 5.4 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.8 5.4 5.7
France 234 227 219 213 207 205 209 209
Germany 235 205 192 184 179 177 178 179
Greece 128 117 110 110 107 103 106 107
Hungary 20 19 19 18 17 17 18 18
Italy 193 192 189 189 183 178 176 181
Latvia 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.7
Lithuania 7.9 8.0 8.3 8.4 8.6 12 12 14
Luxembourg 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Montenegro 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.5
Netherlands 48 45 44 42 41 41 40 41
Norway 19 21 21 20 21 21 21 20
Poland 100 97 98 100 99 99 102 111
Portugal 43 35 34 33 31 27 29 27
Romania 67 66 66 66 65 64 63 70
Slovak Republic 14 13 13 12 12 12 12 12
Slovenia 7.1 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.8
Spain 131 127 125 122 122 122 121 121
Turkey 495 495 495 427 427 399 373 387
United Kingdom 198 191 184 179 169 163 161 161
North America 1,488 1,493 1,467 1,450 1,404 1,387 1,375 1,381
Canada 61 68 68 68 66 73 73 73
United States 1,427 1,425 1,400 1,382 1,338 1,314 1,301 1,308
NATO Total 3,572 3,497 3,423 3,312 3,229 3,161 3,128 | 3,174
Notes: Figures for 2017 are estimates. The NATO Europe and NATO Total aggregates from 2017 include Montenegro, which became an Ally on 5 June 2017.
* Defence expenditure does not include pensions.
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Table 6a : Distribution of defence expenditure by main category
Per cent of total defence expenditure
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
Equipment (a)
Albania 15.69 13.36 14.44 16.29 16.65 8.92 8.01 17.33
Belgium 6.79 6.27 3.57 2.84 3.52 3.44 4.66 5.30
Bulgaria * 15.41 6.33 3.68 4.52 1.03 3.47 9.15 29.54
Canada 13.81 9.67 8.31 11.16 13.03 10.46 10.84 19.42
Croatia 8.12 15.79 14.72 10.72 7.35 10.58 10.09 9.07
Czech Republic 12.42 13.30 14.78 9.49 6.53 11.76 6.70 12.90
Denmark 14.10 9.68 9.03 11.26 10.99 11.50 13.68 19.25
Estonia 11.88 10.11 13.69 14.48 22.15 12.82 17.86 19.27
France 30.20 28.17 30.58 24.53 24.64 25.04 24.44 24.17
Germany 17.59 16.41 16.45 12.74 12.94 11.93 12.21 14.08
Greece 17.98 5.86 7.47 12.06 8.17 10.26 13.43 15.44
Hungary 12.10 12.29 5.84 11.08 7.76 9.75 13.37 13.29
Italy 10.92 11.74 8.87 12.51 10.92 9.72 19.09 20.94
Latvia 15.62 10.78 10.45 12.09 7.55 13.60 19.28 20.29
Lithuania 10.00 9.38 11.20 9.23 14.06 21.55 30.06 31.09
Luxembourg 34.45 21.86 17.11 14.57 22.61 33.33 30.07 32.99
Montenegro 3.66 1.73 4.44 1.32 7.46 5.43 4.46 8.20
Netherlands 15.70 14.43 13.41 12.57 10.68 11.16 14.14 16.80
Norway 18.13 17.04 17.76 18.89 21.17 22.49 24.05 25.65
Poland 18.13 16.13 15.16 13.90 18.84 33.20 21.70 22.50
Portugal 13.20 12.07 9.34 8.65 8.43 8.70 9.95 10.31
Romania 8.80 7.57 4.14 10.71 15.77 19.65 20.43 46.49
Slovak Republic 9.81 7.15 9.56 7.39 11.12 18.28 15.31 20.16
Slovenia 18.00 5.70 1.20 1.27 0.66 1.85 1.02 6.09
Spain 12.10 6.74 22.86 12.37 13.49 14.82 6.65 19.31
Turkey 27.98 24.57 21.21 26.89 25.08 25.13 25.59 30.40
United Kingdom 24.47 22.01 19.54 21.89 22.82 21.75 21.56 22.03
United States 24.02 26.99 26.97 25.83 25.97 25.41 25.03 28.55
Personnel (b)
Albania 75.66 77.07 69.97 75.25 68.05 78.15 68.05 62.08
Belgium 75.54 75.88 78.52 77.34 77.84 78.23 77.11 76.07
Bulgaria * 64.30 67.36 64.71 65.37 72.84 73.66 65.64 54.62
Canada 45.30 47.11 49.10 52.44 50.90 53.71 52.68 47.15
Croatia 71.56 67.17 68.13 68.06 69.25 63.64 67.13 62.77
Czech Republic 50.66 56.28 61.66 62.03 61.40 55.27 61.97 58.27
Denmark 50.81 52.22 49.05 51.74 51.27 52.01 49.51 49.61
Estonia 34.51 32.28 29.75 39.83 38.62 39.56 38.70 34.98
France 47.64 49.35 49.11 49.23 48.59 47.79 47.94 47.98
Germany 52.66 52.29 50.60 49.86 50.67 49.86 48.35 47.24
Greece 65.07 76.03 73.19 74.56 77.18 72.05 73.13 72.19
Hungary 56.35 50.64 47.69 48.96 49.77 48.21 49.66 43.86
Italy 75.08 74.78 77.05 75.00 76.41 77.55 70.79 66.41
Latvia 55.91 51.31 56.15 52.98 52.97 50.06 43.18 40.42
Lithuania 65.60 66.87 66.78 66.53 57.53 48.49 45.50 42.40
Luxembourg 45.63 52.29 54.23 51.10 49.31 42.77 45.56 38.85
Montenegro 73.63 82.88 82.68 87.68 78.53 78.03 75.32 72.78
Netherlands 52.28 54.66 57.54 58.53 56.50 55.51 51.77 50.97
Norway 42.69 43.43 42.38 41.02 39.36 38.70 37.28 34.96
Poland 56.79 57.80 57.34 57.70 51.45 41.96 46.76 47.73
Portugal 70.18 78.30 78.39 79.85 81.27 81.90 81.38 78.03
Romania 79.07 79.11 84.00 78.99 71.15 63.30 65.01 43.55
Slovak Republic 62.39 69.47 66.53 70.14 69.14 56.24 58.72 55.03
Slovenia 61.69 74.63 78.91 80.52 82.31 82.23 76.03 70.72
Spain 63.38 64.81 57.19 68.25 67.34 65.18 72.61 61.50
Turkey 49.75 53.02 56.02 54.58 56.88 56.82 57.69 53.28
United Kingdom 35.65 37.55 38.90 37.85 36.59 36.80 34.63 34.05
United States 46.70 33.01 32.12 34.38 35.45 36.64 36.68 35.87
* Defence expenditure does not include pensions.
(a) Equipment expenditure includes major equipment expenditure and R&D devoted to major equipment.
(b) Personnel expenditure includes military and civilian expenditure and pensions.
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Table 6b : Distribution of defence expenditure by main category
Per cent of total defence expenditure
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017e
Infrastructure (a)
Albania 1.81 0.78 0.64 1.17 0.86 1.40 1.37 1.52
Belgium 1.75 1.69 1.59 2.28 1.81 0.93 0.95 1.31
Bulgaria * 2.39 1.53 0.76 0.47 0.63 1.27 0.63 0.50
Canada 4.11 5.48 5.47 4.12 3.81 3.63 3.39 3.61
Croatia 1.42 0.71 0.57 1.21 1.63 2.62 1.70 3.09
Czech Republic 5.79 2.51 1.61 2.72 2.34 3.32 3.91 3.69
Denmark 1.07 1.45 1.24 1.16 0.97 1.09 2.16 2.91
Estonia 13.73 13.57 8.85 11.54 8.20 8.45 12.15 11.25
France 3.13 2.68 3.42 2.21 2.33 2.80 2.70 2.88
Germany 5.16 4.13 3.53 3.55 3.75 3.60 3.39 3.48
Greece 0.76 1.26 0.79 0.63 1.10 0.79 0.60 0.40
Hungary 2.07 1.31 2.11 2.32 1.07 1.21 1.13 1.27
Italy 1.40 1.31 1.02 1.57 1.40 1.30 0.70 1.29
Latvia 5.78 9.29 4.16 6.26 8.89 6.64 12.98 13.56
Lithuania 1.97 1.37 1.47 2.04 2.17 2.16 3.59 5.20
Luxembourg 4.16 7.18 8.20 11.81 10.26 7.79 6.64 6.35
Montenegro 5.87 2.50 0.03 0.09 0.96 2.47 2.41 1.25
Netherlands 3.47 3.77 3.70 2.74 4.77 3.19 3.90 3.34
Norway 5.24 4.22 4.86 5.64 6.00 5.60 6.96 7.83
Poland 3.96 4.80 4.76 5.62 5.47 4.74 4.91 5.15
Portugal 0.43 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.11 0.25 0.06 0.01
Romania 1.81 1.47 1.19 1.16 1.09 1.27 2.77 2.26
Slovak Republic 4.22 1.01 0.37 0.29 0.57 1.99 3.75 3.87
Slovenia 2.67 2.61 2.02 1.33 0.65 0.61 1.14 2.19
Spain 1.25 1.88 0.85 0.67 0.66 0.97 0.97 0.91
Turkey 2.84 2.91 3.70 2.72 2.77 2.56 2.42 2.00
United Kingdom 1.62 1.64 1.91 2.04 1.95 1.63 1.96 1.95
United States 0.97 3.14 2.38 2.08 1.71 1.45 1.43 1.22
Other (b)
Albania 6.83 8.79 14.95 7.30 14.44 11.53 22.57 19.07
Belgium 15.93 16.15 16.31 17.53 16.83 17.40 17.28 17.32
Bulgaria * 17.91 24.78 30.85 29.64 25.51 21.60 24.57 15.35
Canada 36.77 37.75 37.12 32.28 32.26 32.19 33.09 29.82
Croatia 18.91 16.33 16.58 20.01 21.78 23.16 21.08 25.06
Czech Republic 31.13 27.91 21.95 25.75 29.73 29.65 27.43 25.15
Denmark 34.02 36.65 40.68 35.84 36.78 35.40 34.65 28.23
Estonia 39.89 44.04 47.71 34.14 31.03 39.18 31.30 34.50
France 19.03 19.80 16.89 24.03 24.43 24.37 24.92 24.97
Germany 24.58 27.17 29.42 33.84 32.63 34.61 36.05 35.21
Greece 16.19 16.84 18.55 12.75 13.55 16.90 12.84 11.97
Hungary 29.47 35.76 44.35 37.64 41.40 40.83 35.84 41.58
Italy 12.60 12.17 13.06 10.93 11.27 11.42 9.42 11.37
Latvia 22.69 28.62 29.23 28.68 30.59 29.69 24.55 25.73
Lithuania 22.43 22.39 20.56 22.20 26.24 27.79 20.85 21.31
Luxembourg 15.76 18.67 20.46 22.52 17.82 16.11 17.73 21.81
Montenegro 16.84 12.89 12.85 10.91 13.06 14.07 17.80 17.76
Netherlands 28.55 27.14 25.34 26.16 28.05 30.14 30.20 28.90
Norway 33.93 35.31 35.00 34.45 33.46 33.21 31.71 31.55
Poland 21.12 21.27 22.73 22.78 24.24 20.11 26.64 24.61
Portugal 16.19 9.62 12.22 11.46 10.19 9.15 8.61 11.65
Romania 10.32 11.85 10.68 9.13 11.98 15.78 11.79 7.70
Slovak Republic 23.58 22.38 23.55 22.19 19.16 23.49 22.23 20.94
Slovenia 17.63 17.05 17.87 16.88 16.38 15.31 21.80 21.00
Spain 23.26 26.58 19.11 18.71 18.50 19.03 19.78 18.28
Turkey 19.43 19.49 19.07 15.80 15.27 15.49 14.30 14.31
United Kingdom 38.26 38.80 39.64 38.22 38.63 39.82 41.85 41.97
United States 28.30 36.86 38.53 37.72 36.87 36.51 36.86 34.36
* Defence expenditure does not include pensions.
(a) Infrastructure expenditure includes NATO common infrastructure and national military construction.
(b) Other expenditure includes operations and maintenance expenditure, other R&D expenditure and expenditure not allocated among above-mentioned categories.
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-13-
NATO defence expenditure
NATO defines defence expenditure as payments
made by a national government specifically to
meet the needs of its armed forces or those of
Allies. A major component of defence
expenditure is payments on Armed Forces
financed within the Ministry of Defence (MoD)
budget. Armed Forces include Land, Maritime
and Air forces as well as Joint formations such as
Administration and Command, Special
Operations Forces, Medical Service, Logistic
Command etc. They might also include "Other
Forces" like Ministry of Interior troops, border
guards, national police forces, customs,
gendarmerie, carabinieri, coast guards etc. In such
cases, expenditure should be included only in
proportion to the forces that are trained in
military tactics, are equipped as a military force,
can operate under direct military authority in
deployed operations, and can, realistically, be
deployed outside national territory in support of
a military force. Also, expenditure on Other
Forces financed through the budgets of
ministries other than MoD should be included in
defence expenditure.
Pension payments made directly by the
government to retired military and civilian
employees of military departments should be
included regardless of whether these payments
are made from the budget of the MoD or other
ministries.
Expenditure for peacekeeping and humanitarian
operations (paid by MoD or other ministries),
the destruction of weapons, equipment and
ammunition, and the costs associated with
inspection and control of equipment destruction
are included in defence expenditure.
Research and development (R&D) costs are to
be included in defence expenditure. R&D costs
should also include those for projects that do not
successfully lead to production of equipment.
Expenditure for the military component of
mixed civilian-military activities is included, but
only when this military component can be
specifically accounted for or estimated.
Financial assistance by one Ally to another,
specifically to support the defence effort of the
recipient, should be included in the defence
expenditure of the donor nation and not in the
defence expenditure of the receiving nation.
Expenditure on NATO Common infrastructure
is included in the total defence expenditure of
each Ally only to the extent of that nation's net
contribution.
War damage payments, payments and benefits to
veterans, and spending on civil defence are
excluded from the NATO definition of defence
expenditure.
NATO uses United States dollars (USD) as the
common currency denominator. The exchange
rate applied to each Ally is the average annual
rate published by the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) and estimates from the OECD for
the current year. The values for defence
expenditure are expressed in current prices;
constant prices; current prices and exchange
rates; as well as constant prices and exchange
rates.
Note to readers:
Iceland has no armed forces. For nations of the
Euro zone, and Montenegro, monetary values in
national currency are expressed in Euros for all
years. Estonia adopted Euros from 2011, Latvia
from 2014, and Lithuania from 2015.
To avoid any ambiguity, the fiscal year has been
designated by the year which includes the highest
number of months: e.g. 2016 represents the fiscal
year 2016/2017 for Canada and United Kingdom
and the fiscal year 2015/2016 for the United
States. Because of rounding, the total figures may
differ from the sum of their components.
Conventional signs:
e estimated
- nil
.. not available
| break in continuity of series
. decimal point
-14-
Nomenclature of NATO defence expenditure:
1 Operating costs
1.1 Military personnel
1.1.1 Pay and allowances
1.1.2 Employer's contributions to retirement funds
1.1.3 Other
1.2 Civilian personnel
1.2.1 Pay and allowances
1.2.2 Employer's contributions to retirement funds
1.3 Pensions
1.3.1 Paid to military retirees
1.3.2 Paid to civilian retirees
1.4 Operations and maintenance
1.4.1 Ammunition and explosives (excluding nuclear)
1.4.2 Petroleum products
1.4.3 Spare parts
1.4.4 Other equipment and supplies
1.4.5 Rents
1.4.6 Other operations and maintenance
2 Procurement and construction
2.1 Major equipment
2.1.1 Missile systems
2.1.2 Missiles (conventional weapons)
2.1.3 Nuclear weapons
2.1.4 Aircraft
2.1.5 Artillery
2.1.6 Combat vehicles
2.1.7 Engineering equipment
2.1.8 Weapons and small arms
2.1.9 Transport vehicles
2.1.10 Ships and harbour craft
2.1.11 Electronic and communications equipment
2.2 National military construction
2.3 NATO common infrastructure
2.3.1 Expenditure as host nation
2.3.2 Payments to other nations
2.3.3 Receipts from other nations
2.3.4 Land and utilities
3 Research and development
3.1 Devoted to major equipment
3.2 Other
4 Other expenditure
5 Total
6 Statistical discrepancy
7 Adjusted total
Main categories of defence expenditure:
- Equipment (Table 6a) – lines 2.1 + 3.1
- Personnel (Table 6a) – lines 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.3
- Infrastructure (Table 6b) – lines 2.2 + 2.3
- Other (Table 6b) – lines 1.4 + 3.2 + 4